Форум химиков

Safer Chemicals Within Reach Using The Substitution Principleto Drive Green Chemistry
by: The International Chemical Secretariat Contributors
Safer Chemicals Within Reach Using The Substitution Principleto Drive Green Chemistry
Publisher: Clean Production Action (CPA)
Published: October 2003, Updated February 2005
ISBN 10: 1903907071
ISBN 13: 9781903907078

Report prepared for the Greenpeace Environmental Trust by Clean Production Action with contributions from International Chemical Secretariat

Synthetic chemicals have become very much part of our lives. They may be seen to serve useful purposes and to bring substantial benefits to our lives and our health. At the same time, however, many are already known to possess dangerous properties while many more have never had their safety properly assessed. We should certainly not be indiscriminately exposed to chemical pollutants on an ongoing basis. Nevertheless, we are. Research into levels of industrial chemicals in the human body shows that we are continuously exposed to a large number of chemical pollutants.

The fact that we are all continuously exposed to many different chemicals is because the law allows this to happen. European law is currently based on an assumption that there are ‘acceptable’ levels of risk, even from the most hazardous chemicals, and regulators determine acceptable levels of exposure from these risk calculations.


Contents:
Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
We know there is a problem, what is the solution?
Is the Substitution Principle workable?
2. INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND: TOXIC CONTAMINATION
2.1 What is the Substitution Principle?
2.2. Why not control the risks instead of insisting on substitution?
2.3 What is a ‘safer alternative’?
3. WHY MAKE SUBSTITUTION A LEGAL OBLIGATION?
3.1 The Substitution Principle must be an obligation for all – not only for the most progressive companies
3.2 Substitution regulation spurs innovation
3.3 Legislation is needed to ensure that data is available for substitution
3.4 Legal precedents for the Substitution Principle
3.5 Case Study: Alternatives to Dry cleaning with Perchloroethyelene
4. WHAT IF THERE IS NO SUBSTITUTE AVAILABLE?
4.1 Mandatory planning for substitution
4.2 Economic Instruments
4.3. Technical Support to find safer alternatives
5. SUBSTITUTION IN PRACTICE – THE INDUSTRY EXPERIENCE
5.1 Greenpeace efforts to win corporate commitments to chemical substitution
OSPAR List +
5.2 Downstream users promote mandatory substitution
5.3 Recyclers support mandatory substitution
5.4 Retailers support mandatory substitution
6. CONCLUSIONS
1. Substituting brominated flame retardants (BFRs)
2. Assessing non BFR chemical alternatives – are they safer?
3. Substituting lead in electronic products
4. Retailers are substituting a range of hazardous materials
5. PVC phase out is widespread
6. Chemical suppliers are adopting Green Chemistry
ANNEX I CASE STUDIES OF SUCCESSFUL SUBSTITUTION
1. Substituting brominated flame retardants (BFRs)
1.1 The electronics industry found alternatives to BFRs
1.2 Retailers target BFRs for substitution IKEA
1.3 Leaders in the building trade are phasing out BFRs Skanska
2. Assessing non BFR chemical alternatives – are they safer?
2.1 Material and functional approaches to substituting BFRs
3. Substituting lead in electronic products
4. Retailers are substituting a range of hazardous materials
5. PVC phase out is widespread
6. Chemical suppliers are adopting Green Chemistry

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Mechanisms in Advanced Organic Chemistry
by: R. P. Narain
en | New Age International
Publisher: New Age International
Publication Date: 2009-08-07
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 8122426476
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9788122426472




For a very long time the need was felt by graduate and postgraduate students of Chemistry of almost all colleges and of Indian Universities for a book dealing with advanced mechanistic organic chemistry written in understandable language and with suitable examples which can be easily grasped to make their concept clear. Besides students; this has also been the requirement of teachers teaching advanced mechanistic organic chemistry.; Till about 1959 there appears to be the only book by E.S. Gould (Structure and Mechanism of Organic Chemistry) but the examples mentioned in it are so difficult at several places that they elude the comprehension of even teachers; not to talk of students. Around sixties appeared the book by Jerry March (Advanced Organic Chemistry; Reactions; Mechanism and Structure). It was definitely a much better advance than that of Gould; but it has been made so bulky that its cost has become prohibitive. It adores the racks and shelves of libraries. In view of the above difficulties of teacher and students; the present book has been brought out.; Some of its special chapters are the Pericyclic Reactions; which includes Cheletropic; Electrocyclic; sigmatropic and cycloaddition reactions. The concept of stereochemistry and conformation deserve special attention not because they cater to the needs of higher students; but they are immensely useful for candidates trying for UGC and CSIR sponsored competitive examinations; but also those preparing for Union Public Service Commission and State Public Service Commission Exams. The candidates will find the chapters immensely useful and is sure to rouse interest in them in knowing more about mechanistic chemistry.; Spectroscopy is another topic; a good knowledge of which is expected from any good chemist. The spectroscopy finds immense applications in the identification of several unknown compounds in the field of research and medicine. Here one has to be very careful in elucidating the correct structure of entities. Moreover; in every examination (Competitive or regular) one has to show his skill in the area of spectroscopy and therefore chapters on spectroscopy giving a clear and lucid account is also noteworthy.

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Classics in Stereoselective Synthesis
By Erick M. Carreira, Lisbet Kvaerno
Publisher: Wiley-VCH
Number Of Pages: 651
Publication Date: 2009-02-24
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 3527324526
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9783527324521


Product Description:

This book provides a noteworthy compilation of the groundbreaking methods of stereoselective synthesis, belonging to the repertoire of every modern practitioner of synthetic organic chemistry. The general principles underlying these processes are highlighted as they form the basis for the rapid and continuing developments in the field. The work also features illustrative examples of drug and natural product syntheses, resulting in a rich source of stimulating ideas for the efficient use of asymmetric reactions in the construction of stereochemically complex structures.


From the contents:

"Macrocyclic stereocontrol
"Carbonyl addition reactions
"alpha-Functionalization of enolates
"Aldol and allylation reactions
"Chiral acetals
"Alkene hydroboration, reduction, and oxidation
"Additions to C=N bonds and synthesis of amino acids
"Conjugate additions
"Chiral carbanions
"Metal-catalyzed allylations
"Cyclopropanations and CH-insertion reactions
"Sigmatropic rearrangements
"Diels-Alder and hetero-Diels-Alder reactions
"[3+2]- and [2+2]-cycloaddition reactions

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Chemical Properties Handbook: Physical, Thermodynamics, Engironmental Transport, Safety & Health Related Properties for Organic & Inorganic Chemical
by: Carl Yaws
Chemical Properties Handbook: Physical, Thermodynamics, Engironmental Transport, Safety & Health Related Properties for Organic & Inorganic Chemical
By Carl Yaws


Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professional
Number Of Pages: 784
Publication Date: 1998-10-01
Sales Rank: 791682
ISBN / ASIN: 0070734011
EAN: 9780070734012
Binding: Hardcover
Manufacturer: McGraw-Hill Professional
Studio: McGraw-Hill Professional
Average Rating: 4.5
Total Reviews: 3

Book Description:

Necessary data that's often hard to find or difficult to calculate, all in one place, in easy-access format. That's what this Handbook provides to scientific, engineering, and environmental professionals, and students, who seek information on how chemicals will behave at different temperatures and under different conditions. Covering both organic and inorganic substances, and providing both experimental values and estimated values based on methods developed by the author and other noted experts, this book can save countless hours of searching for the right source or performing complicated calculations. Useful for hundreds of on-the-job information requirements, this much-needed Handbook makes it easy to obtain critical values for temperature and pressure for design or operation of compressors and turbines; find heat capacity data for heat exchangers; accurately design and safely operate vaporizers and condensers with precise information on enthalpy of vaporization; size vaporizer/condenser storage vessels with density data; determine the heating and cooling requirements of reactors with values for the enthalpy of formation; determine chemical equilibria for reactions using Gibbs’ energy of formation; design and operate effective stripping operations for water pollutant removal using water solubility data and Henry’s Law Constant; find needed adsorption capacities of activated carbon for cleaning air of various pollutants; use soil sorption coefficient for agricultural applications; solve problems for fluid flow of gases and liquids using viscosity data; use thermal conductivity data for heat transfer applications; use lower and upper explosion limits in air, flock point and autoignition temperature for safety in designs and operations; use threshold limit value (ACGIH), permissible exposure limit (OSHA) and recommended exposure limit (NIOSH) to design facilities while safeguarding health; use thermal expansion coefficient data to design relief systems; and find thousands of other time-saving uses.

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Chemical Micro Process Engineering: Fundamentals, Modelling and Reactions
by: Volker Hessel, Steffen Hardt, Holger Löwe
en | Wiley-VCH
Chemical Micro Process Engineering: Fundamentals, Modelling and Reactions
By Volker Hessel, Steffen Hardt, Holger Löwe



Publisher: Wiley-VCH
Number Of Pages: 712
Publication Date: 2004-04-09
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 3527307419
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9783527307418


Product Description:

With its focus more on processes rather than on devices, this is a comprehensive and detailed overview on:
- A multi-faceted, hierarchic analysis of chemical micro process technology
- Modelling and simulation of micro reactors
- Liquid- and liquid/liquid-phase reactions
- Gas/liquid reactions
- Gas-phase reactions.
An excellent review of this innovative, high-potential and fast-growing market of the future.

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Advanced Organic Chemistry: Structure and Mechanisms (Part A), 5th Edition 2007
by: Francis A. Carey, Richard J. Sundberg,
By Francis A. Carey,&nbspRichard J. Sundberg,


Publisher: Springer
Number Of Pages: 1220
Publication Date: 2007-06-13
Sales Rank: 227611
ISBN / ASIN: 0387683461
EAN: 9780387683461
Binding: Paperback
Manufacturer: Springer
Studio: Springer
Average Rating: 4
Total Reviews: 11

Since its original appearance in 1977, Advanced Organic Chemistry has maintained its place as the premier textbook in the field, offering broad coverage of the structure, reactivity and synthesis of organic compounds. As in the earlier www.duansci.com/read editions, the text contains extensive references to both the primary and review literature and provides examples of data and reactions that illustrate and document the generalizations. While the text assumes completion of an introductory course in organic chemistry, it reviews the fundamental concepts for each topic that is discussed.

The two-part fifth edition has been substantially revised and reorganized for greater clarity. Among the changes: Updated material reflecting advances in the field since 2001’s Fourth Edition, especially in computational chemistry; A companion Web site provides digital models for study of structure, reaction and selectivity; Solutions to the exercises provided to instructors online.

The material in Part A is organized on the basis of fundamental structural topics such as structure, stereochemistry, conformation and aromaticity and basic mechanistic types, including nucleophilic substitution, addition reactions, carbonyl chemistry, aromatic substitution and free radical reactions. Together with Part B: Reaction and Synthesis, the two volumes are intended to provide the advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate student in chemistry with a sufficient foundation to comprehend and use the research literature in organic chemistry.

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Practical Guide to Chemical Safety (Rapra Practical Guides)
by: D J Knight, M B Thomas
Publisher: Smithers Rapra Technology
Number Of Pages: 480
Publication Date: 2003-01-01
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 185957372X
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9781859573723


Product Description:

There are many different chemicals and materials in use today. These are subject to stringent regulations, which include a requirement for physico-chemical and toxicity testing. In some countries existing chemicals are also undergoing safety checks. The aim is to determine their hazardous properties and the risks involved in using substances.

Health and safety of the environment and the individual are becoming of prime importance to society and extensive legislation has been developed. To the R&D chemist this is a maze to negotiate when trying to introduce a new material or chemical into a different market place. What tests are required and for which markets? What do the test results mean? Who are the key organisations in each global region? Legislation varies between applications and often the quantity of chemical in use is critical to determining the level of testing required.

A Practical Guide to Chemical Safety Testing describes the different tests that must be performed on new chemicals and other materials to demonstrate to the regulatory authorities that they are safe for use. Tests vary from physico-chemical, measuring properties such as melting point and density, through genetic toxicity studies, to mammalian toxicology and studies to investigate effects on the environment. Animal testing is carried out to look for potential irritants, harmful substances, corrosive agents, allergens, cancer causing potential, etc. Each test type is described here and the validity of the test methods is debated. For example, there are sometimes major differences between simple model systems using cell lines or bacteria, effects in laboratory animals and, most importantly, with effects on humans. This can give rise to misleading interpretation of results.

There is a chapter devoted to alternatives to animal testing for safety evaluation. Many non-animal screening tests are available. It is also becoming increasingly possible to cross-match many new chemicals with existing toxicity data to predict potential carcinogenicity, allergenicity, etc. These approaches can reduce the test requirements for the chemical, although a structural alert showing the presence of a suspect chemical moiety can trigger definitive toxicological assessment.

Ecotoxicological testing is carried out to determine the level of hazard to organisms in the environment. Important properties used to estimate environmental fate include the solubility of the test material in water, its ability to adsorb to soil and its potential for accumulation in animals.

Regulations vary depending on the intended purpose of a material, and this book describes the requirements for general chemicals, polymers, food contact materials, medical devices and biocides. Often the quantity imported into a region determines the stringency of the testing required. The EU, the USA, Japan and other geographical regions each has its own set of regulations. These are outlined here. In some instances approval of a chemical in one country will lead to automatic approval in a second country. In other cases new testing is required. This is a very complex situation. The second half of this book sets out to untangle the web of legal issues facing manufacturers and suppliers.

This book is essential reading for chemical and material manufacturers and suppliers. It describes clearly the process of obtaining approval for use in a variety of global regions and across different applications. It also explains why different tests are performed and the implications of the results
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Separation Chemistry ~ 1st Edition
by: R.P. Bhudiraja
Publisher: New Age Publications (Academic),India
Number Of Pages: 435
Publication Date: 2007-12-01
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 8122414532
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9788122414530


Separation Science.......This book systematically explains the various concepts, methods and applications of separation science. Both separation and purification techniques have been adequately emphasised throughout the book. In addition to exhaustively explaining various chromatographic methods, the book also discusses membrane-based methods as well as centrifugation. The book is designed as a text for B.Sc.(Hons.) and M.Sc. students of Chemistry and Biochemistry.
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Handbook of Grignard Reagents (Chemical Industries)
by: Gary S. Silverman, Philip E. Rakita
Publisher: CRC
Number Of Pages: 736
Publication Date: 1996-04-25
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0824795458
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780824795450


Product Description:

This useful handbook provides the theoretical and practical information necessary to explore new applications for Grignard reagents on a day-to-day basis;presenting a comprehensive overview of current research activities in Grignard chemistry. Surveys specific reactions and applications of Grignard reagents;organized by type of substrate and the general category of reaction!

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Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, Sixth Edition
by: W.L.F. Armarego, Christina Chai

Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
Number Of Pages: 760
Publication Date: 2009-06-05
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 1856175677
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9781856175678


Product Description:

A best seller since 1966, Purification of Laboratory Chemicals keeps engineers, scientists, chemists, biochemists and students up to date with the purification of the chemical reagents with which they work, the processes for their purification, and guides readerd on critical safety and hazards for the safe handling of chemicals and processes.

The Sixth Edition is updated and provides expanded coverage of the latest chemical products and processing techniques, safety and hazards. The book has been reorganised and is now fully indexed by CAS Registry Numbers. Compounds are now grouped to make navigation easier and literature references for all substances and techniques have been added, and ambiguous alternate names and cross references have been removed.

* The only comprehensive chemical purification reference, a market leader since 1966, Amarego delivers essential information for research and industrial chemists, pharmacists and engineers: '... (it) will be the most commonly used reference book in any chemical or biochemical laboratory' (MDPI Journal)

* An essential lab practice and proceedures manual. Improves efficiency, results and safety by providing critical information for day-to-day lab and processing work. Improved, clear organization and new indexing delivers accurate, reliable information on processes and techniques of purification along with detailed physical properties.

* The Sixth Edition has been reorganised and is fully indexed by CAS Registry Numbers; compounds are now grouped to make navigation easier; literature references for all substances and techniques have been added; ambiguous alternate names and cross references removed; new chemical products and processing techniques are covered; hazards and safety remain central to the book.

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Review and Evaluation of Alternative Chemical Disposal Technologies
by: Panel on Review and Evaluation of Alternative Chemical Disposal Technologies, National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press
Number Of Pages: 272
Publication Date: 1996-11-15
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0309055253
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780309055253


Product Description:

Describes the history of the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program, the role of National Research Council and its committees in reviewing and advising that program and finding and the recommendations of the committee. Paper.

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Modern HPLC for Practicing Scientists
by: Michael W. Dong
Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
Number Of Pages: 304
Publication Date: 2006-06-12
Sales Rank: 380906
ISBN / ASIN: 047172789X
EAN: 9780471727897
Binding: Paperback
Manufacturer: Wiley-Interscience
Studio: Wiley-Interscience
Book Description:

A comprehesive yet concise guide to Modern HPLC

Written for practitioners by a practitioner, Modern HPLC for Practicing Scientists is a concise text which presents the most important High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fundamentals, applications, and developments. It describes basic theory and terminology for the novice, and reviews relevant concepts, best practices, and modern trends for the experienced practitioner. Moreover, the book serves well as an updated reference guide for busy laboratory analysts and researchers.

Topics covered include:

HPLC operation
Method development
Maintenance and troubleshooting
Modern trends in HPLC such as quick-turnaround and "greener" methods
Regulatory aspects
While broad in scope, this book focuses particularly on reversed-phase HPLC, the most common separation mode, and on applications for the pharmaceutical industry, the largest user segment. Accessible to both novice and intermedate HPLC users, information is delivered in a straightforward manner illustrated with an abundance of diagrams, chromatograms, tables, and case studies, and supported with selected key references and Web resources.

With intuitive explanations and clear figures, Modern HPLC for Practicing Scientists is an essential resource for practitioners of all levels who need to understand and utilize this versatile analytical technology.

Chemical Reactivity Theory: A Density Functional View
by: Pratim Kumar Chattaraj

Publisher: CRC
Number Of Pages: 610
Publication Date: 2009-02-23
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 1420065432
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9781420065435


Product Description:

Comprising the contributions of sixty-five eminent scientists from thirteen different countries, this book introduces various aspects of density functional theory (DFT) and their connections to chemical reactivity theory. The text examines bonding, interactions, reactivity, dynamics, toxicity, and aromaticity as well as fundamental aspects of DFT. Several chapters provide a review of the key global and local reactivity descriptors and their variations under different perturbations. While this volume is designed for readers with little or no prior knowledge of the subject, the breadth of the book and the expertise of the authors ensure that even experienced scientists will benefit from the information in these pages.

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Thanks for sharing,
but

6. Please, make sure that the shared material is not available at www.gigapedia.org. There is no need to duplicate other web sites.

Advanced Organic Chemistry could be foundd on gigapedia. Both volumes.

Спасибо за книги, но многие из них есть на гигапедии.

OrganicChemist писал(а):Спасибо за книги, но многие из них есть на гигапедии.

ага вот как, ну спасибо предупредил череп же написал выше

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