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Новости химической науки > Панцири креветок для добычи урана2.3.2014 
 Панцири креветок, которые являются отходами промышленности, перерабатывающей морепродукты, можно превратить в прочные волокна, которые могут использоваться для добычи ценных металлов из воды, в том числе и морской.
Робин Роджерс (Robin Rogers) и исследователи из его группы из Университета Алабамы (США) долгое время изучали возможность использования ионных жидкостей для переработки целлюлозы. Авария в Мексиканском заливе, в результате которой в 2010 году в воду попало большое количество нефти и был введен полугодовой мораторий на ловлю креветок в определенных водах, побудила их изучить, можно ли применять ионные жидкости для аналогичной обработки хитина – структурного природного полимера, формирующего экзоскелеты членистоногих.
Перед введением функционализирующих амидооксимных групп хитинивые волокна подвергают дезацилированию. (Рисунок из Green Chem., 2014, DOI: 10.1039/c4gc00092g)
Исследователи из группы Роджерса использовали ионные жидкости для экстракции длинных хитиновых волокон непосредственно их панцирей креветок. Хитин не растворяется в большинстве химических растворителей, что не позволяет проводить функционализацию хитина с сохранением его степени полимеризации, большое значение которой важно для прочности волокон на основе этого биополимер. Роджерс с коллегами избрал следующий подход – исследователи конвертировали молекулу хитина в более активный полимер – хитозан, к которому и были привиты амидоксимные группы, имеющие высокой сродство к уранил-ионам. Было продемонстрировано, что полученный материал может хемосорбировать эти ионы из разбавленного водного раствора.
Практически весь уран в морской воде имеет природное происхождение, он медленно вымывается из земной коры, в связи с этим было бы перспективно наладить добычу этого стратегического металла из морской воды.
Джейсон Лав (Jason Love), специалист по экстрактивной металлургии из Университета Эдинбурга отмечает, что выделение урана из морской воды, в которой он находится в очень низкой концентрации ( в среднем составляющей миллиардные доли), со временем может стать альтернативой урановым рудникам. Он добавляет, что хотя пока эти новые материалы не могут быть коммерциализованы из-за своей хрупкости, их разработка и дальнейшая доработка представляет собой существенное достижение методов химии природного сырья для решения глобальных задач.
В идеальном варианте волокна на основе хитина должны быть способны к рециклизации и повторному использованию. Другая возможность их применения заключается в сжигании волокон, поглотивших металл (при этом может выделиться энергия) и извлечении металлов из золы – такой подход хотя и не идеален, но может значительно упростить процесс добычи урана из воды.
Джейме Лизарди Мендоза (Jaime Lizardi Mendoza) отмечает, что новое исследование может привести к созданию новых экологически совместимых материалов. Хитин можно найти во многих организмах, он достаточно легок, чтобы насекомые могли летать, достаточно прочен, чтобы быть броней для некоторых из них, достаточно гибок для того, чтобы запасать и высвобождать энергию, а также биологически совместим и биоразлагаем.
Исследователи планируют продолжить исследование по применению хитина и других биологических полимеров для получения инновационных материалов, отвечающих требованиям безопасности окружающей среды.
Источник: Green Chem., 2014, DOI: 10.1039/c4gc00092g метки статьи: #новые материалы, #химия биомассы, #химия полимеров Перепечатка статьи разрешается при условии размещения активной гиперссылки на ChemPort.Ru Комментарии к статье:
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